Protection of groundnut plants from rust disease by. In africa, the groundnut aphid feeds on as many as 142. Groundnut rust has beeome an important disease in india, particulaxly. Peanuts, and other plants belonging to the genus arachis. This article describes in detail the major diseases of groundnut, its. Rust puccinia arachidis symptoms the disease attacks all aerial parts of the plant. The groundnut rust caused by puccinia arachidis speg. The casual organism of rust disease is puccinia arachidis. It is a destructive disease in several south and central american countries. Genetics, genomics and breeding of groundnut arachis. Methods of screening germplasm and breeding lines for resistance to rust are described, and the identified sources of. Following are some of the suggested control measures of the disease.
Pdf sustainable groundnut production can be realised through development and. The groundnut rust infected leaves were collected during rainy and summer season fig. Integrated pest management in groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Mcdonald2 abstract kesearrh on rust dueasc qfgroundnut at icris. This disease, caused by puccinia arachidis, is present in most groundnut producing areas and can cause losses in pod yield in excess of 50%. The peanut rust disease is an economically important biotic stress that significantly reduces the pod and fodder yield and oil quality. This information will be 1 10 introduction severe conditions disease is found infecting.
Validation of ssr markers linked to the rust and late leaf. Groundnut rosette disease occurs throughout subsaharan africa. The investigation was undertaken to determine the mode of genetic in a ratio of 1r. The rust of groundnut caused by puccinia arachidis speg. Effect of temperature on rust disease develop ment on three groundnut genotypes under monocyclic infection in the laboratory. Reaction of peanut cultivars to late leafspot and rust. Changes in biomolecules of groundnut leaves infected with. When it sucks the sap of an infected plant it receives groundnut rosette virus and satellite rna, packaged together within a coating of groundnut rosette assistor virus. Green rosette disease occurs in west africa and angola, malawi, swaziland and uganda. Groundnut rust disease proceedings of a discussion group meeting, 24 28 september 1984. Characterizing peanut rust resistance format check. Dhruj anand agricultural university, anand, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t groundnut, rust, fungicides, disease is found to occur regularly in gujarat during. White mold appears on kerstings groundnut leaves mainly during reproductive stage, it may be caused by oidium sp.
Recommended groundnut production practices for smallholder farmers in uganda. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. International journal of plant, animal and environmental sciences page. Groundnut rust is a relatively new disease to africa, becoming widespread only since the 1970s.
The disease is usually found when the plants are about 6 weeks old. Changes in biomolecules of groundnut leaves infected with rust puccinia arachidis speg y. Groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its multifarious uses including oil production, direct human consumption as food and also animal consumption in the form of hay, silage and. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. Limited information about nature of inheritance of rust resistance is available to peanut breeders. A large number of pests are associated with groundnut but not all are economically important. Present situation and possible interactions with other groundnut foliar diseases. Groundnut rust is now of considerable economic importance in many major groundnut growing regions of the world. For example, the rust that attacks antirrhinum is a different species from that affecting hollyhock.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Rust affects many economically important plant species and usually appears as yellow, orange, red, rust, brown, or black powdery pustules on leaves, young shoots, and fruits. This article is a list of diseases of peanuts arachis hypogaea. Integrated disease management in groundnut agropedia. Weekly disease severity index % was used to construct the disease progress curves as presented in fig. Jan 01, 2002 in groundnut, two identical mutants with disease lesion mimic leaf trait were isolated independently from two different parents through induced mutagenesis and in vitro culture technique. There are more than 5,000 known species of rust on plants. Ethnological studies of the major indian tribes of south america document the widespread culture of groundnut and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the spanish conquest. Small brown to chestnut dusty pustules appear on the lower surface of leaves. Although the control protected plots were sprayed with fungicide, there were still a low level of both leaf spot and leaf rust disease infections 15% severity, depending on the groundnut genotypes. By late summer there may be many different rust species present on various plants in the garden. The epidermis ruptures and exposes a powdery mass of uredospores. The leaf chlorophyll content in both the mutants was found to be drastically reduced. It affects leaves, stems and pegs, producing many small red spots or pustules.
Protocols for screening genotypes at field condition involve the use of infector row technique subrahmanyam et al. Uredospores present on crop debris in the field, and on pods or seeds in storage at ambient temperatures, lost viability within 6 weeks. Rust, plant disease caused by more than 4,000 species of fungi and funguslike organisms of the phylum oomycota. Inheritance of rust resistance in groundnut arachis hypogaea. The yield loss of 1570 per cent in groundnut is reported due to leaf spot, rust and stem rot singly or in combination 1. The distribution of, losses and damage caused by groundnut pests are discussed, along with a variety of control measures and methods for their integration for effective pest management. It is a destructive disease in several south and central. High relative humidity above 85 percent, heavy rainfall and low temperature 2025 degrees favours disease.
Spread of the disease in india is documented, and the role of continuous cultivation of groundnut in perpetuating the disease emphasized. Peanut, arachis hypogaea, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family fabaceae grown for its oil and edible nuts. Destroy volunteer, self sown groundnut plants, reservoir hosts and debris to reduce the primary source of inoculums. The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs and have leaflike attachments near the stalk. Reduction in pod yield due to this disease is nearly 5060%.
It has now become a disease of major economic importance in almost all the groundnut growing areas of the world. Rust caused by puccinia arachidis and late leaf spot lls caused by cerco sporidium personatum are two major foliar fungal diseases of groundnut and can. Despite several breeding efforts against the disease by. Inheritance of disease lesion mimic leaf trait in groundnut. It is clearly in the interest of major groundnut growing countries to keep the disease out, especially in africa where the fungus is not yet recorded. The disease is caused by a complex mixture of viruses viz. Sprcori of the dseaw in indin is documented, and the role of conlinuous cultrrarion qfgroundrrtrt in pcrpetuntinp the. Rust puccinia arachidis is identified by the appearance of orange pustules uredinia on the abaxial lower surface of leaves and reddish brown urediniospores uredospores. Reports of the disease from south america, south and southeast asia and oceania are now thought to be incorrect.
Permission for commercial reproduction should be sought from the managing editor, university of greenwich at medway, central avenue, chatham maritime, kent me4 4tb, united kingdom. Here is a list of fourteen major diseases found in groundnut. Strict plant quarantine regulations should be enforced to avoid the spread of rust on the pods or seeds to disease free areas. Determination of seed resistance to colonization by aspergillus flavus 9 10 10 11 mp 5. Uredospores are the main source of inoculums of rust disease of groundnut of which the dispersal is brought. Groundnut rust has become an important disease in india, particularly in the south, probably because of extensive and continuous cultivation of the crop. Disease cycle of tikka disease of groundnut is presented in figure 380. The rust fungus will not remain alive in old vines or in the soil, but will. Intercropping of pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut 1. Components of resistance to puccinia arachidis in peanuts. Rust causes serious damage to groundnut crops in many parts of the world with pod yield losses of up to 70% being reported harrison, 1973. It is generally distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate zones. Plant growth and productivity are commonly reduced, and.
Details are given of symptoms, morphology and taxonomy of the pathogen, and disease cycle. The causing agent of the kerstings groundnut rust disease is yet to be determined. Kerstings groundnut macrotyloma geocarpum harms marechal. Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting rhizo. The control of groundnut rust through chemical measures resulted in varying degrees of success. In india it was first observed in 1971 in punjab, tamil nadu, west bengal mand andhra pradesh. Early leaf spot is an important disease in africa, particularly in southern africa. Disease response of peanut genotypes to rust and leaf spot in citra, florida fl in.
Field evaluation of late leaf spot and leaf rust resistance. A large number of diseases are known to be associated with groundnut crop, however, only some of them cause economic losses. Peanut groundnut diseases and pests, description, uses. The pathogen perennates through conidia on diseased plant debris lying in the soil. Peanut plants are small, usually erect, thin stemmed plants with featherlike leaves. The most effective method to control the disease is to plant peanut varieties that have some resistance to the disease. In groundnut, fungi cause seed rots and seedling diseases such as root rot, stem rot, wilts, blight. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further. Disease assessment 5 6 6 6 7 diseases of groundnut 8 fungal diseases bacterial disease virus diseases nematode diseases 8 8 8 8 mp 1. Infection is favoured by prolonged leaf wetness, so rusts are usually diseases of wet summers. Thirty peanut genotypes were inoculated with uredospores of the rust basis of the resistance components measured in the glasshouse trial, but fungus puccinia. The rust infected leaves from various crop fields of satara district were collected in the rainy season and brought to the laboratory for further studies. Disease resistanttolerant varieties, including girnar 1, alr 1, icgv 87160, icgv 86590, dh 8, tg 3, mh 16, icgs 37.